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Updates and Commentary on Civil Procedure, by Gordon Exall, Barrister, Kings Chambers
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN COURT: AN INTERESTING PRACTICE DIRECTION FROM THE HIGH COURT IN IRELAND : GOOD ADVICE FOR US ALL

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN COURT: AN INTERESTING PRACTICE DIRECTION FROM THE HIGH COURT IN IRELAND : GOOD ADVICE FOR US ALL

July 31, 2026 · by gexall · in Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

In England and Wales we are still considering appropriate guidance for the use of Artificial Intelligence in the courts.  The High Court in Ireland has issued a specific Practice Direction on the use of Generative AI in Court Documents.  It…

WITNESS EVIDENCE WEDNESDAY (2): WHEN A WITNESS GETS COACHING FROM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?

WITNESS EVIDENCE WEDNESDAY (2): WHEN A WITNESS GETS COACHING FROM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?

July 22, 2026 · by gexall · in Artificial Intelligence, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content, Witness statements

Artificial Intelligence continues to give rise to novel legal issues.  In this case the courts had to consider the impact of clear evidence that the complainant in a criminal case had received detailed “coaching” by the use of A.I.   …

HALLUCINATED CASE LAW AND THE CROWN PROSECUTION SERVICE (OF ALL BODIES...)

HALLUCINATED CASE LAW AND THE CROWN PROSECUTION SERVICE (OF ALL BODIES…)

July 13, 2026 · by gexall · in Appeals, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

All cases of hallucinated cases are serious, however some may be more serious than others. If we have a situation where the Crown Prosecution Service files documents which rely on cases that simply do not exist, this has to be…

THE TCC GUIDANCE ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A DETAILED EXAMINATION

THE TCC GUIDANCE ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A DETAILED EXAMINATION

July 9, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

The section on the use of AI in the latest edition of The Technology and Construction Court Guide is relatively short. However it is significant.  It shows that the courts recognise that AI is going to be used. “All legal…

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LITIGATION: AN UPDATE ON CONSULTATION FINDINGS FROM THE CIVIL JUSTICE COUNCIL

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LITIGATION: AN UPDATE ON CONSULTATION FINDINGS FROM THE CIVIL JUSTICE COUNCIL

July 1, 2026 · by gexall · in Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content, Witness statements

The Civil Justice Council is carrying out a Consultation on the Use of AI for the preparation of court documents.  It published an update on its consultation findings yesterday.   The preliminary view appears to be that the use of AI…

THE BAR STANDARDS BOARD GUIDANCE ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES: THE KEY POINTS AND SEVEN USEFUL CHECKLISTS

THE BAR STANDARDS BOARD GUIDANCE ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES: THE KEY POINTS AND SEVEN USEFUL CHECKLISTS

June 16, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

We have seen examples of barristers getting into difficulties because of the misuse of AI.  The Bar Standards Handbook  gives 14 pages of useful guidance to the Bar. I have attempted to summarise the guidance here and provide some useful…

THE NEW SRA GUIDANCE ON EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION 2: GUIDANCE AND CHECKLISTS ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM OTHER SOURCES...)

THE NEW SRA GUIDANCE ON EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION 2: GUIDANCE AND CHECKLISTS ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM OTHER SOURCES…)

June 16, 2026 · by gexall · in Avoiding negligence claims, Case Management, Civil Procedure, Members Content

It is clear from recent developments that the use of AI can be useful in litigation, however it can also lead to major problems.  The new SRA Guidance recognises the issues in relation to the need to supervise AI use,…

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A PARTY DOES NOT RESPOND TO A NOTICE TO ADMIT FACTS  (THERE IS NO "DEEMED ADMISSION") PLUS ANOTHER POSSIBLE "HALLUCINATED" "FICTITIOUS" RULE

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A PARTY DOES NOT RESPOND TO A NOTICE TO ADMIT FACTS (THERE IS NO “DEEMED ADMISSION”) PLUS ANOTHER POSSIBLE “HALLUCINATED” “FICTITIOUS” RULE

June 2, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Conduct, Members Content

This case has two important practical points. Firstly (contrary to the case put forward by the claimant) a failure to respond to a Notice to Admit facts does not give rise to an “implied admission” by the recipient of the…

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE CITATION OF MISLEADING AUTHORITIES: ANOTHER WEEK, ANOTHER CASE: IF YOUR NAME IS ON THE DOCUMENT YOU "OWN" IT...

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE CITATION OF MISLEADING AUTHORITIES: ANOTHER WEEK, ANOTHER CASE: IF YOUR NAME IS ON THE DOCUMENT YOU “OWN” IT…

May 15, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Conduct, Members Content

We are looking at another case where the judge has expressed major concerns about the use of Artificial Intelligence in the preparation of documents for the court.  The situation is now a (depressingly) familiar one where the use of AI…

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PREPARATION OF WITNESS STATEMENTS: THERE IS NO SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION FOR THIS: HOW DOES THE JUDGE KNOW IT IS THE WITNESS'S OWN WORDS?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PREPARATION OF WITNESS STATEMENTS: THERE IS NO SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION FOR THIS: HOW DOES THE JUDGE KNOW IT IS THE WITNESS’S OWN WORDS?

April 30, 2026 · by gexall · in Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content, Witness statements

We have another case where the judge considers the use of Artificial Intelligence in the preparation of witness statements.  It was held that there was no good reason for this.  He was concerned that ChatGPT had contributed to the witness…

MORE DECISIONS ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND "HALLUCINATED" CASES: THE UPPER TRIBUNAL IS FAR FROM HAPPY: LEGAL PROFESSIONALS WHO DELEGATE THEIR WORK REMAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING ITS ACCURACY

MORE DECISIONS ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND “HALLUCINATED” CASES: THE UPPER TRIBUNAL IS FAR FROM HAPPY: LEGAL PROFESSIONALS WHO DELEGATE THEIR WORK REMAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING ITS ACCURACY

February 20, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Conduct, Members Content

As I’ve said before the hallucinated cases just keep on coming. The issues were considered by the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) here.  There are important points about the need to supervise staff who undertake legal research. It is…

THE USE OF AI FOR PREPARING COURT DOCUMENTS: READ THE CIVIL JUSTICE COUNCIL INTERIM REPORT AND CONSULTATION

THE USE OF AI FOR PREPARING COURT DOCUMENTS: READ THE CIVIL JUSTICE COUNCIL INTERIM REPORT AND CONSULTATION

February 19, 2026 · by gexall · in Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

The Civil Justice Council has produced an interim report and consultation document on the use of AI for preparing Court documents.  This is worthwhile reading. It summarises many of the current issues “Artificial intelligence (“AI”) has enormous potential to be…

A FURTHER EXAMPLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GENERATING PHANTOM REFERENCES AND FALSE QUOTATIONS

A FURTHER EXAMPLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GENERATING PHANTOM REFERENCES AND FALSE QUOTATIONS

January 30, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Conduct, Members Content

We see the another example of the dangers of the use of Artificial Intelligence in this case.  Two authorities relied upon by a respondent did not contain the words attributed to them, none of them supported the propositions that had…

PROVIDING LEGAL SUBMISSIONS WITH INACCURATE CASE SUMMARIES: THE REPRESENTATIVE WHO WOULD "NEITHER CONFIRM OR DENY" THAT AI WAS USED

PROVIDING LEGAL SUBMISSIONS WITH INACCURATE CASE SUMMARIES: THE REPRESENTATIVE WHO WOULD “NEITHER CONFIRM OR DENY” THAT AI WAS USED

January 14, 2026 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content, Relief from sanctions

We are returning to the vexed issue of the (mis) use of Artificial Intelligence when providing written submissions to the court (in the case the First Tier Tribunal).  The judge found that summaries provided were inaccurate.    The judgment points…

REVIEW OF THE YEAR (2) - THE WORST PART: "HALLUCINATED" CASES IN THE COURTS: HOW IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BEING HANDLED & WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR AI AND LAWYERS?

REVIEW OF THE YEAR (2) – THE WORST PART: “HALLUCINATED” CASES IN THE COURTS: HOW IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BEING HANDLED & WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR AI AND LAWYERS?

December 12, 2025 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Avoiding negligence claims, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Conduct, Members Content

If I had to pick the most frightening development of the year it is the revelation that parts of the legal profession have been relying on “hallucinated” (that is false) cases they have “found” by using Artificial Intelligence.   Here we…

AI USED IN THE WRITING OF A JUDICIAL DECISION:  READ ALL ABOUT IT...

AI USED IN THE WRITING OF A JUDICIAL DECISION: READ ALL ABOUT IT…

September 23, 2025 · by gexall · in Applications, Artificial Intelligence, Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

There has been much discussion of the advantages, and disadvantages, in lawyers using AI. This is clearly going to be a major issue for the legal profession going forwarded.   Last week I reviewed Andrew Hogan’s book on this topic. There…

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE COURTS: SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE JUDICIAL GUIDANCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE COURTS: SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE JUDICIAL GUIDANCE

April 10, 2024 · by gexall · in Civil evidence, Civil Procedure, Members Content

We have looked before at problems caused by Artificial Intelligence being used in court.   It is worthwhile looking at the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary publication “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Guidance for Judicial Office Holders. It shows some of the dangers in…

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