TWELVE KEY POINTS FOR PERSONAL INJURY LAWYERS ABOUT BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY (AND A PLUG FOR A WEBINAR)
I still see, on a fairly regular basis, problems caused in personal injury cases where a claimant is bankrupt and has failed to tell their lawyers. Equally often there are cases where it is clear that a claimant is, or has been, bankrupt and the lawyers have failed to recognise the significance of this. Here are 12 key points relating to claimants and bankruptcy.
WEBINAR: INSOLVENCY FOR PERSONAL INJURY LAWYERS : 15th SEPTEMBER 2023
This issue of the claimant being bankrupt is one of many issues being considered in a webinar on the 15th September 2023. Booking details are available here.
THE WEBINAR
This webinar takes you through the law relating to insolvency, the major pitfalls that can occur and how to avoid them.
- What is the position when the claimant is bankrupt? Who “owns” the damages and who can bring the action?
- Avoiding striking out
- Practical steps that can be taken when the claimant is bankrupt
- What is the position when a carer is bankrupt?
- The steps you need to take when proceeding against a bankrupt defendant
- The steps you need to take when proceeding against an insolvent company
- Bypassing the problem – when can you sue an insurer directly?
1. ASK THE CLIENT WHETHER THEY ARE BANKRUPT
A client may not think it relevant, or not appreciate the significance. They have to be asked, specifically. Not only in relation to bankruptcy but in as to any other form of arrangement with their creditors.
2. EVEN IF THE CLIENT SAYS THEY ARE NOT BANKRUPT – CHECK ANYWAY
The bankruptcy and insolvency register can be found here.
3. TELL THE CLIENT TO INFORM YOU IF THEY DO GO BANKRUPT
In the Eaton case, discussed below, the claimant went bankrupt after being injured. It is not clear whether he failed to inform his solicitors or no-one appreciated the significance of this.
4. IF THE CLIENT GOES BANKRUPT YOU HAVE TO CONSIDER THE POSITION OF THE TRUSTEE IN BANKRUPTCY
The situation here is complex:
- The right of action vests in the trustee in bankruptcy.
- The general damages vest in the claimant personally and do not form part of the trustee’s find.
- If the claim contains any element of special damages the whole claim passes to the trustee. Any general damages recovered will belong to the bankrupt.
5. YOU HAVE TO READ Eaton -v- Mitchells & Butler PLC (30th April 2015)
In that case the consequences of the claimant were only raised after the trial on liability, and after various interim payments had been made. The defendant then took the point that the proceedings were invalid. It was held that
- Proceedings issued by a bankrupt were not a nullity.
- The proceedings were, potentially, an abuse of process. However the judge granted a three month adjournment to allow the claimant to regularise the position.
“It is remarkable that the case had proceeded all the way to a two-day trial, conducted (as I am told) by leading counsel for the claimant, without the point ever being noticed.”
6. CONSIDER THE VALIDITY OF ANY RETAINER/ATE INSURANCE AFTER BANKRUPTCY
This point considered by Kerry Underwood who pointed out that there is no authority on this point. “However it seems to me that if the chose of action can be assigned, then the retainer, which is undoubtedly parasitic upon the chose, must also be capable of assignment”
7. READ THE INSOLVENCY DIRECT GUIDANCE
There is useful guidance in the Insolvency Direct technical manual
“31.9.41 Special damages and general damages
Often, in correspondence or papers relating to a claim, the official receiver will see reference to ‘special damages’ and ‘general damages’.
Generally speaking, for the purposes of deciding who owns which part of any claim, special damages are ‘property’ which vest as part of a bankruptcy estate and general damages are ‘personal’ and thus remain in the ownership of the bankrupt.
31.9.42 Actions which involve damage to both the bankrupt’s person and property (amended July 2012)
Many events lead to damage to the bankrupt’s property and their person. For example, a typical road accident may lead to an injury to the bankrupt’s body (for example, whiplash) and, also, damage to the bankrupt’s property (damage to the car) and/or the need to incur additional (and otherwise unnecessary) expenses (damage to the financial position – which is a property damage). Following the relevant case law (see paragraph 31.9.37), this may cause a problem in deciding whether the action vests in the official receiver, as trustee, or not.
It used to be the case that such an action would be, effectively, ‘split’ between the personal damage and the property damage, and each claim pursued separately (one by the bankrupt and the other by his/her trustee) [note 11]. This way of deciding matters is not, however, considered good law any longer (see paragraph 31.9.43).
31.9.43 Current approach to actions which involve damage to both the bankrupt’s person and property – a ‘hybrid’ claim
It has been held that where a right of action involves damage to both the person and property of the bankrupt, there is only one cause of action, with different ‘heads’ of damage. The right cannot be split [note 12] (see paragraph 31.9.44 for a limited exception to this principle).
This position was confirmed, and somewhat advanced upon, in a later case [note 13], where such an action (referred to in the judgment as a ‘hybrid’ claim) was held to be an action that would vest in a bankrupt’s estate, with any damages awarded for the personal element of the claim being held on a constructive trust (see paragraph 31.9.200) for the benefit of the bankrupt by his/her trustee.”
(The notes)
8. KNOW ABOUT “HYBRID” CLAIMS
Most personal injury claims will be “hybrid” claims. Useful examples are given in the Insolvency Direct manual.
“31.9.46 Examples of hybrid actions (amended July 2012)
Examples of hybrid actions are as follows:
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An assault causing a bodily injury (personal) and damage to spectacles or clothing (property).
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A car crash causing a broken ankle (personal) and the resultant need to pay a third party to carry out household tasks such as shopping/cleaning/gardening (property)
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A car crash causing whiplash (personal), damage to a vehicle (property) and the need to use public transport at additional cost whilst the car was being repaired (property).
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A fall causing a strained back (personal), the need to spend money travelling to the hospital (property) and to pay for a private physiotherapist (property).
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Medical negligence leading to an arm injury (personal) and loss of earnings (property).
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An assault on a taxi driver causing a bodily injury (personal), post traumatic stress (personal), damage to the taxi (property) and an inability to work (loss of earnings – property).
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A fall in the street leading to a broken arm (personal) and damage to a laptop computer (property).
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A wrongful arrest (personal) where the bankrupt’s front door was destroyed in the arrest (property).
An action would be a hybrid action even if the property damages were directly connected to the personal damages – as in the second and fourth examples above.
31.9.47 Getting the bankrupt’s advisors to agree to the position in a hybrid claim
Where the official receiver is dealing with a ‘hybrid’ claim he/she should, as a first step, write to the bankrupt’s advisors, setting out the position outlined in paragraphs 31.9.42 to 31.9.45, asking them to form a view on whether the claim vests in the trustee of the bankruptcy estate, or not. Ideally, the position should be agreed.
The official receiver may use the letter attached at Annex C to this chapter for this purpose.”
9. REMEMBER THAT IF THE ACTION STARTS/CONTINUES WHILST THE CLAIMANT IS BANKRUPT YOU WILL HAVE TO RECTIFY THE SITUATION IMMEDIATELY
In Eaton it was decided that such proceedings were not a nullity. If the claimant had been litigating in the full knowledge that something was amiss it could have been an abuse of process. However the action was adjourned to allow either:
- The annulment of the bankruptcy.
- The trustee to file an application for an order substituting him as bankrupt.
- The claimant to take an assignment of the the cause of action and make an application notice for an order giving him permission to amend the claim form and/or particulars of claim to plead his right by assignment.
If any of these things did not happen within a three month period then the action would be struck out as an abuse of process.
10. THIS APPLIES TO FATAL ACCIDENT CLAIMANTS TOO
This is made clear in the Insolvency Direct manual.
“31.9.67 Claims under the Fatal Accidents Act 1976
Where a death is caused by a wrongful act or neglect such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the deceased to bring an action for damages, the person liable shall still be liable to an action for damages despite the death of the person [note 30]. Such a action is for the benefit of the dependants of the person whose death was caused [note 31].
An action may include (or consist entirely) of a claim for damages for bereavement [note 32]. A claim which is entirely for bereavement is personal to the bankrupt and would not form part of the bankruptcy estate. Where a claim is partly in respect of bereavement and partly in respect of a claim for financial losses resulting from the death, it would be a hybrid claim (see paragraph 31.9.43) and would vest in the official receiver, as trustee.”
11. THIS MAY NOT JUST APPLY TO CLAIMANTS BUT ALSO TO CARERS WHO GO BANKRUPT
I have seen several cases where a carer in a personal injury has been made bankrupt and the trustee has sought to claim that part of the damages which are, technically, held on trust for the carer. This highlights the importance of identifying, precisely, what the care element of a settlement is, even in circumstances where the claimant has no real interest in this because the carer does not want the damages.
12. ATTEND THE WEBINAR
Once again booking details are available here.