THREE WEBINARS ON EXPERTS: THE JOINT EXPERT AND MEETING OF EXPERTS; PART 35 QUESTIONS AND EXPERTS IN THE COURTS IN 2025
The way in which the “Expert Watch” series has quickly developed shows that issues relating to expert evidence continue to give rise to problems. These three webinars explore many of the major issues in relation to experts. Dealing with the…
BARRISTER REFERRED TO THE BSB BECAUSE OF THE USE OF AI “HALLUCINATED” CASES: IGNORANCE THAT THIS WAS HAPPENING IS NO DEFENCE
We have another example of a lawyer getting into trouble (potentially very serious trouble) through the use of Artificial Intelligence and its ability to “hallucinate” cases. It was accepted that the error was not deliberate. However the Upper Tribunal pointed…
COST BITES 285: DOES THE COURT NEED TO VARY THE RECEIVING PARTY’S BUDGET WHEN IT HAS ORDERED THAT COSTS BE PAID ON AN INDEMNITY BASIS?
We are looking again at the award of indemnity costs. The judge ordered that costs be paid to the claimant on the indemnity basis. He then went on to consider whether, given that decision, it was necessary to retrospectively vary…
THE CIVIL LITIGATION BRIEF TOOLBOX SERIES 2: WHERE DO YOU LOOK WHEN FACED WITH AN ARGUMENT ON ASSESSEMENT THAT COSTS SHOULD BE REDUCED BECAUSE OF “PROPORTIONALITY”?
The principles considered here work for both sides. Where does a receiving party look when the paying party wants to reduce costs because of “proportionality”? Where does a paying party look to gain guidance on such issues. I am here…
COST BITES 274: IN CONSIDERING WHETHER TO AWARD INDEMNITY COSTS HOW RELEVANT IS A DEFENDANT’S WITHDRAWN PART 36 OFFER? (THE CLAIMANT THAT TURNED DOWN $50 MILLION DOLLARS – AND THEN LOST AT TRIAL…
Here we look at a short judgment on costs. The judge considered whether an indemnity costs should be made and the date from which the indemnity costs order should take effect. There were several factors specific to this case, however…
COST BITES 272: CLAIMANTS ORDERED TO PAY SOME OF A DEFENDANT’S COSTS IMMEDIATELY, PRIOR TO JUDGMENT BECAUSE OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE TRIAL WAS CONDUCTED
Last week we had a judge discussing the “pay as you go” principle in litigation. Here we have a slight extension of that principle with the judge deciding that the claimants’ conduct of the the trial meant that they should…
EXPERT WATCH 9: FAILURES TO COMPLY WITH THE PRE-ACTION PROTOCOL AND TO INFORM THE EXPERTS OF THE DEFENDANT’S CASE COULD RENDER THE EVIDENCE “USELESS”: AN EXPENSIVE DAY OUT FOR THE CLAIMANTS’ SOLICITORS…
Here we look at a decision not about the conduct of experts but the way in which the experts were instructed and failure to comply with pre-action protocols. On the face of it this is a decision of major importance…
HOW NOT TO APPLY TO SET ASIDE A JUDGMENT WHICH IS ALLEGED TO HAVE BEEN OBTAINED BY FRAUD: THE JUDGE MARKED THE “ILL CONSIDERED AND POOR MANNER IN WHICH THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN PREPARED AND PROSECUTED”
It is possible to apply to set aside a previous judgment when the applicant’s case is that that judgment was obtained by fraud. However here we look at an almost textbook example of how not to go about this. The court…
EXPERT WATCH 7: “THIS CASE IS NOT SHORT OF ADVOCATES”: AN EXPERT REPORTING FOR THE CLAIMANT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ONE OF THEM: FURTHER THEY SHOULD HAVE DISCLOSED THAT THEY HAD “COPIED” THEIR REPORT
Yesterday I imposed a 24 hour respite on this series “unless something really interesting comes up”. I have broken that promise, it lasted 22 hours. However the cases on experts keep coming in and, I think, readers need to know…
EXPERT WATCH 4: THE EXPERT SHOULD INFORM THE COURT IF MEMBERSHIP OF A PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATION HAD CEASED, PARTICULARLY IF THIS IS LINKED TO DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS AGAINST THEM
We are returning (and not for the last time) to a recent decision where the court considered the expert evidence in detail. Here we look at the judgment in relation to an expert who failed, until prompted, to inform the…
COST BITES 258: APPLICANT’S FAILURE TO ACCEPT SUGGESTION IN A LETTER LEADS TO INDEMNITY COSTS BEING MADE AGAINST IT
We are looking at a case where the judge found that an applicant should have accepted a suggestion that their application be withdrawn. Because they did not take up that application the applicant was ordered to pay costs on the…
HOW NOT TO MAKE AN APPLICATION FOR NON-PARTY DISCLOSURE – AN OBJECT LESSON: “THE APPLICATION WAS… FATALLY FLAWED FROM THE OUTSET AND SHOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN MADE”
Today we are looking at a case that everyone involved in making an application for non-party disclosure should read. The Master was highly critical of the applicant’s conduct of the application and the evidence in support. It proved to be…
“HALLUCINATED CASES” LEAD TO PARTY SUCCEEDING AT FIRST INSTANCE: THE COURT OF APPEALS OVERTURNS THE DECISION – BUT RESPONDENT RELIED ON ANOTHER HALLUCINATED CASE IN AN ATTEMPT TO OBTAIN COSTS…
Here we look at another case where a party to litigation relied on “hallucinated” cases – created by Artificial Intelligence. The impact of those cases here were potentially more profound in that a party’s case – based on those false…
COST BITES 257: SOLICITOR AND OWN CLIENT ASSESSMENTS AND “UNUSUAL COSTS”: WHY THE ATTENDANCE NOTE IS OFTEN THE SOLICITOR’S BEST FRIEND
A solicitor is under a specific duty to warn the client when “unusual costs “are being incurred, particularly those costs that may be irrecoverable on an inter party basis. Here we have an example of a (former) client asserting that…
PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE NEWS 3: INADEQUATE ATTENDANCE NOTE LEADS TO WOEFUL RESULTS: THE APPEAL THAT SHOULD NOT HAVE HAPPENED
Here we are looking at a decision where manifold service failures on the part of solicitors were identified. However we will look at one issue – the consequences of an attendance note not being full and complete. Counsel advised on…
COST BITES 255: SOME IMPORTANT LESSONS HERE: LEGAL OMBUDSMAN HOLDS THAT A FIRM ACTING ON A DBA CANNOT BE PAID TWICE FOR THE SAME WORK: FULL REFUND ORDERED (WITH INTEREST)
The courts have, on occasion, indicated that the legal ombudsman may be a more cost effective way of resolving solicitor and own client costs disputes than expensive litigation. We are looking at such a case here, an ombudsman decision in…
COMMITTAL PROCEEDINGS “BROUGHT FOR COLLATERAL PURPOSES” DISMISSED: NOTICE TO SHOW CAUSE ISSUED AGAINST THE CLAIMANT’S SOLICITORS: WHY THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS STRATEGY
There are many ways in which a litigant, dissatisfied with a judgment of the court can respond. They can apply to set the judgment aside; they can appeal; they can issue fresh proceedings attempting to argue that the action was…
PART 36, REFUSAL TO MEDIATE AND SHOULD A PARTY BE SUBJECT TO THE PART 36 PENALTIES WHEN AN OFFER WAS MADE TO THREE DEFENDANTS?
What should the court do in a case where a Part 36 offer is made in relation to a number of defendants but the claimant only succeeds against one of them? Can a failure to accept an offer of mediation…
COST BITES 252: WHEN CAN A SOLICITOR PROPERLY TERMINATE A RETAINER? WAS THE CLIENT “THROWN TO THE LIONS”?
Here we are looking at a very small part of a judgment in relation to costs on a solicitor/own client assessment. On of the arguments put forward by the (former) client was that the retainer was wrongfully terminated shortly before…
IF YOU ARE GOING TO CRITICISE AN EXPERT THIS MUCH YOU SHOULD HAVE RAISED IT AT THE CASE MANAGEMENT HEARING: HIGH COURT REJECTS EACH PARTY’S ATTACKS ON OPPONENT’S EXPERTS
We have seen plenty of cases where the courts have not been slow in their criticism of expert witnesses. Here we have a different situation where the judge was critical of the attacks, by each party, on the credibility of…
HOW FAR IS A TRIAL JUDGE BOUND TO FOLLOW THE VIEWS OF A JOINTLY INSTRUCTED EXPERT? WELL – READ THIS FOR SOME TRENCHANT VIEWS…
When the parties jointly instruct an expert how far is the judge “bound” by the views that the expert reaches? This is an issue we are looking at for the second time within 6 days. We have an interesting consideration…
THE CURRENT IMPORTANCE OF PLEADINGS 20: CLAIMANT’S COSTS REDUCED BY 50% BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THE PLEADED CASE (OR… HOW TO LOSE £3.3 MILLION IN COSTS…)
Today we are looking at a case where a successful claimant’s cost were halved because of its “vague and expansive” pleadings, coupled with a failure to “specify with clarity and precision” what its case was. (Half a sixpence…
IF YOU DISCONTINUE AN ACTION THEN YOU’RE (NORMALLY) BE GOING TO PAYING THE COSTS: THE HIGH BURDEN IMPOSED IN AN APPEAL AGAINST A DECISION AS TO COSTS
Anyone attempting to appeal against an order for costs faces an uphill battle. This may be doubly so if the costs order is made presumptively because they have discontinued an action. Here we consider a case where the difficulties of…
THE WRONGFUL SHARING OF EMBARGOED JUDGMENTS: “A WARNING TO ALL SOLICITORS”: ANOTHER LAYER OF RESPONSIBILITY AND ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Cases relating to the wrongful sharing or disclosure of embargoed judgment have become a surprisingly common feature of litigation in recent times. Here we look at another High Court decision where this has happened. The judge states that there are…
ANOTHER CASE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND “HALLUCINATED CASES”: PLUS THERE MAY BE “MISCHIEF” IN THE BACKGROUND
A few weeks ago I was cagey in reporting a case about AI generated false authorities because I could not believe any lawyer could do this and was wary of the accuracy (indeed authenticity) of the report. Today I am…
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES WHEN A WITNESS BREAKS THE “PURDAH” RULES? THE ISSUES CONSIDERED IN THE HIGH COURT
The “purdah” rule – that a witness cannot discuss the case and their evidence with others, including their legal team, once they have started giving evidence is of utmost significance. Here we are looking at a case where a witness…
INDEMNITY COSTS ORDERED AGAINST SOME (BUT NOT ALL) CLAIMANTS: A NUANCED HIGH COURT DECISION
We are returning to the same case as the previous post but looking at a different issue. The judge considered whether to make an order for indemnity costs against the claimants. The case is unusual in that such an award…
WHEN QOCS DOES NOT APPLY TO THE WHOLE OF A CLAIM: WHAT PERECENTAGE SHOULD THE CLAIMANTS PAY: THE MATTER CONSIDERED IN THE HIGH COURT
For the second time today we are looking at the rules relating to Qualified one way costs shifting (QOCS) and its exceptions. Here the defendant had spent £2 million successfully defending a claim, only part of that action was a…
WILL A COSTS ORDER NORMALLY BE MADE AGAINST A CREDIT HIRE COMPANY? COURT OF APPEAL DECISION THIS MORNING
This is the first of several points that will look in detail at the Court of Appeal decision today in relation to the liability of credit hire companies to pay costs. This first post outlines the main findings. Later posts…
THE CORRECT PROCEDURE IF A PARTY WANTS TO ATTEMPT TO RELY ON “WITHOUT PREJUDICE” DOCUMENTS: THE EXCEPTIONS TO THE WP RULE CONSIDERED
We are looking at a judgment from today which considers the “without prejudice” rule in some detail. In particular the steps a party should take if it wishes to argue that it should be able to rely on without prejudice…
LAWYERS HEAVILY CRITICISED IN A JUDGMENT: COURT OF APPEAL REFUSES PERMISSION TO APPEAL: A CASE THAT BRISTLES WITH CONDUCT AND PROCEDURAL ISSUES
We have a case here where a solicitor and KC involved in a case were heavily criticised by the trial judge. The solicitor attempted to appeal those findings and the Court of Appeal considered, among many other things, their Article…
CIVIL PROCEDURE BACK TO BASICS 104: YOU CAN’T ACT ON BEHALF OF BOTH SIDES IN LITIGATION – YOU REALLY CAN’T
How does one firm act on behalf of both sides in litigation? Entering judgment for a claimant and then applying, on behalf of the defendant, to have that judgment set aside? The easy answer is that it can’t. This…
“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE” ON TRIAL: WHEN QUESTIONED CHAT GPT WILL TELL YOU ITS MADE THINGS UP: THIS IS “A HALLUCINATION RATHER THAN A REAL LEGAL AUTHORITY”
Artificial Intelligence and legal “research” has been very much in the news of late. I am grateful to my colleague Steven Turner for sending me an example where, upon being questioned, Chat GPT readily conceded that a case it had…
BECOME A MEMBER TO KEEP UP TO DATE: THIS SITE IS BECOMING A MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIBER SITE – MAKING CLB BIGGER AND BETTER
On the 10th June 2025* this site is becoming a membership site. All the past posts, and the vast majority of future posts will only be available to members who have joined. This post explains what readers need to do…
CITING FALSE CASES TO THE COURT 4: THE COURT’S REVIEW OF CASES WHERE AI HAD CAUSED TROUBLE – AT HOME AND ABROAD
The use of AI which cites “false” cases is extremely worrying. It is clear that this is a widespread issue. In an appendix to the judgment the Divisional Court reviewed the cases, including many from foreign jurisdictions, where AI had…
CITING FALSE CASES TO THE COURT 3: THE PROBLEMS, THE GUIDANCE AND THE PENALTIES: PERVERTING THE COURSE OF JUSTICE HAS A MAXIMUM SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT…
We are returning to (and not for the last time) to the Divisional Court judgment in relation to the citation of false authorities due to the use of Artificial Intelligence. The Court reviews the dangers, the guidance and the sanctions…
CITING FALSE CASES TO THE COURT 2: A LAWYER IS NOT ENTITLED TO RELY ON THEIR LAY CLIENT FOR THE ACCURACY OF CITATIONS OF AUTHORITY
We are continuing with the examination of the Court’s judgment in relation to cases where false authorities have been cited as a result of a reliance on false authorities, generated by artificial intelligence. Here we have a case where the…
CITING “FALSE” CASES TO THE COURT 1: JUDGMENT ON THE CONTEMPT OF COURT HEARINGS 1: THE CASE OF AYINDE
This blog has already considered the case of Frederick Ayinde, R (on the application of) v The London Borough of Haringey [2025] EWHC 1040 (Admin) on several occasions. False (presumably AI generated) authorities were put before the court. That case,…
WRITING TO THE JUDGE AFTER THE DRAFT JUDGMENT HAS BEEN SENT OUT: THIS IS NOT AN OPPORTUNITY TO ADVANCE FURTHER ARGUMENT
There have been a large number of cases where the courts have been critical of attempt to “re-open” judgments at the stage where the draft judgment is circulated. We see another example here. The judge reviewed the cases on this…
THE CITATION OF FALSE AUTHORITIES: THE LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES HAVE A DATE IN COURT ON THE 23rd MAY
I have written several times about the remarkable decision in Frederick Ayinde, R (on the application of) v The London Borough of Haringey [2025] EWHC 1040 (Admin) where false authorities were presented to the court. I have also written about …
THE CURRENT IMPORTANCE OF PLEADINGS 10: THE DUTIES ON A PARTY PLEADING ALLEGATIONS OF FRAUD OR DECEIT
Allegations of fraud have to be pleaded with care. Those pleading such assertions must have “reasonably credible material” to support them. Here we look at a case where allegations of deceit were made. The judge found that the allegations had…
ANOTHER (YES ANOTHER) CASE OF FAKE AUTHORITIES BEING CITED TO THE COURT: APPEAL STRUCK OUT AS AN ABUSE OF PROCESS
Unbelievably we are looking at another case where the court found that false authorities had been cited to it. The appeal was struck out as an abuse of process. “In my judgment, the Court needs to take decisive action…
CIVIL PROCEDURE BACK TO BASICS 102: HOW NOT TO WRITE A LEGAL LETTER (2): SOME EXAMPLES – THREATENING TO SUBJECT YOUR OPPONENT TO THE “LEGAL EQUIVALENT OF A PROCTOLOGY EXAM”
We are continuing with this back to basics series with some more examples of how not to write legal correspondence. We are looking at an (extreme) example, some guidance from the SRA and then the principles considered in more recent cases….
DEFENDANT REFUSED RELIEF FROM SANCTIONS AND WAS NOT ABLE TO ARGUE ABOUT COSTS (BUT WAS ALLOWED TO ARGUE ABOUT THE WASTED COSTS)
Here we are looking at another aspect of the case we looked at yesterday. Most of the attention in that case relates to the fake cases that the claimant relied upon. However there was criticism of the defendant too. The…
COST BITES 237: “THROUGHOUT HISTORY, LAWYERS HAVE HAD A BAD REPUTATION”: COMMONSENSE AND PROPORTIONALITY CONSIDERED IN THE FAMILY COURTS
Why spend £13,000 to recover a remedy that will only be worth £1,500? That is the issue considered by Deputy District Judge Hodgson [Professor David Hodson OBE KC (Hons)]. An application was made late. The gain to the applicant was…
WHEN CASES RELIED UPON IN WRITTEN ARGUMENTS WERE SIMPLY “FALSE”: WASTED COSTS ORDER MADE AGAINST COUNSEL AND SOLICITORS
This blog celebrates its 12th anniversary next month. Civil Litigation Brief started as a column in the Solicitors Journal 35 years ago. Over that time many people have helpfully sent me and pointed me me to cases of interest. In…
ANOTHER CASE OF SOMEONE BREACHING THE EMBARGO ON A DRAFT JUDGMENT: THE DRAFT SHOULD NOT BE HANDED OVER THE THE LAWYER’S MARKETING DEPARTMENT
It is difficult to believe that cases about lawyers accidently breaching a judgment embargo still happen. However the reports keep coming. Prominent firms of solicitors, and barristers’ chambers have, over the years fallen foul of the rules. In particular a…
COST BITES 233: VARDY -v- ROONEY: SOME EXTRA TIME ON THE COSTS ISSUES: CLAIMANT’S CONDUCT DID NOT CROSS THE LINE -NO REDUCTION OF COSTS OF APPEAL
In Rebekah Vardy v Coleen Rooney [2025] EWHC 1027 (KB) Mr Justice Cavanagh made some further costs rulings following the dismissal of the defendant’s appeal on issues relating to costs. Firstly he rejected the defendant’s arguments that the claimant’s costs should be…
COST BITES 228 : DEFENDANT SOLICITOR TO PAY THE COSTS OF THE CLAIMANT ISSUING PROCEEDINGS SEEKING A STATUTE BILL
In Franklin v Your Lawyers Ltd [2025] EWHC 984 (SCCO) Acting Senior Costs Judge Rowley dismissed a defendant solicitor’s argument that it should recover its costs after its former client had issued proceedings seeking the delivery of a statute bill. …
COST BITES 227 : THE JUDGE WAS RIGHT TO ORDER THE CLAIMANT TO PAY 80% OF THE COSTS OF TWO APPLICATIONS: DECISION UPHELD ON APPEAL
I am grateful to James Packer of Duncan Lewis for sending me a copy of the judgment of Mrs Justice Hill in Mlundira -v- The Secretary of State for the Home Department [2025] EWHC 189 (KB), a copy of which…
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